Analytical Advances for Hydrocarbon Research [E-Book] / edited by Chang Samuel Hsu.
Determining the composition and properties of complex hydrocarbon mixtures in petroleum, synthetic fuels, and petrochemical products usually requires a battery of analytical techniques that detect and measure specific features of the molecules, such as boiling point, mass, nuclear magnetic resonance...
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Full text |
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Personal Name(s): | Hsu, Chang Samuel, editor |
Imprint: |
Boston, MA :
Springer,
2003
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Physical Description: |
XXIII, 463 p. online resource. |
Note: |
englisch |
ISBN: |
9781441992123 |
DOI: |
10.1007/978-1-4419-9212-3 |
Series Title: |
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Modern Analytical Chemistry
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Subject (LOC): |
- 1. Estimation of Physical Properties and Composition of Hydrocarbon Mixtures
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Pure Hydrocarbons
- 2.1 Generalized Correlations for Physical Properties
- 2.2 Properties of Heavy Hydrocarbons
- 3 Properties of Petroleum Fractions
- 4. Composition of Petroleum Fractions
- 4.1 Characterization Parameters for Molecular Type
- 4.2 Development of Predictive Methods
- 4.3 Prediction of Sulfur Content and Carbon Residue
- 5. Summary
- 6. Nomenclature
- 7. References
- 2. Advances in Elemental Analysis of Hydrocarbon Products
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS)
- 2.1 Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GFAAS)
- 3. Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICPAES)
- 4. Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP/MS)
- 5. Overview of Atomic Spectroscopic Methods
- 6. Ion Chromatography (IC)
- 7. Microelemental Analysis
- 8. Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA)
- 8.1 Radiochemical NAA
- 9. X-ray Fluorescence (XRF)
- 10. Analysis of Used Oils
- 11. Sulfur
- 12. Concluding Remarks
- 13. References
- 3. Selective Detection of Sulfur and Nitrogen Compounds in Low Boiling Petroleum Streams by Gas Chromatography
- 1. Background
- 2. Sulfur Compounds in Light Streams
- 2.1 Instrumentation
- 2.2 Sulfur Chemiluminescence Detection System
- 2.3 Gas Chromatography
- 2.4 Identification of Sulfur Compounds
- 2.5 Quantitation of Sulfur Compounds
- 3. Nitrogen Compounds in Light Streams
- 3.1 Instrumentation
- 3.2 Principle of Nitrogen Chemiluminescence Detection
- 3.3 Gas Chromatography
- 3.4 Quantitation of Nitrogen Compounds
- 4. Future Work
- 5. References
- 4. Molecular Characterization of Petroleum and Its Fractions by Mass Spectrometry
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Low ResolutionlHigh Ionizing Voltage Mass Spectrometric Analysis
- 3. High Resolution Mass Spectrometry
- 4. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)
- 5. Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS)
- 6. Future Trends
- 7. References
- 5. Thin-Layer Chromatography for Hydrocarbon Characterization in Petroleum Middle Distillates
- 1. Analysis of Petroleum Middle Distillates
- 2. Introduction to Modem Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC)
- 2.1 Advantages of TLC for the Analysis of Complex Mixtures
- 2.2 Previous Research Done on TLC of Petroleum Products
- 3. Materials, Methods and TLC Systems Used in this Research
- 3.1 Samples Analyzed
- 3.2 Stationary Phases
- 3.3 Preparation of Berberine-Impregnated Silica Gel Plates
- 3.4 Application of Samples
- 3.4.1 Automatic Sample Spotter
- 3.4.2 Band-sprayer Sample Applicator
- 3.5 Elution of Samples
- 3.5.1 Conventional Vertical Elution
- 3.5.2 Horizontal Developing Chamber
- 3.6 Detection by Densitometry
- 3.7 TLC Systems Used
- 3.7.1 Conventional TLC System
- 3.7.2 High-Efficiency TLC System
- 3.8 Quantification
- 3.8.1 Preparative TLC
- 3.9 Validation of Results
- 4. Application of TLC to Characterization of Middle Distillates
- 4.1 Phenomenon of Fluorescence Induced by Berberine in TLC
- 4.2 HTA of Middle Distillates Using Conventional TLC System
- 4.3 HTA of Gas Oils Using High-Efficiency TLC System
- 5. Conclusions and Future Trends
- 6. Acknowledgements
- 7. References
- 6. Chromatographic Analysis of Fuels
- 1. Analysis of Naphthasl Motor Gasolines by Gas Chromatography
- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.2 Classification of GC Methods for Naphtha Analysis
- 1.3 Terminology
- 1.4 Single Capillary Methods
- 1.5 "Pressurized" Naphtha Samples
- 1.6 Multidimensional Methods
- 1.7 Combination of Micropackedl/Packed PIONA and Single Capillary Column Analyses
- 1.8 Capillary Column Multidimensional Systems
- 1.9 Comprehensive Two-dimensional GC (2D-GC)
- 1.10 Other GC Methods for Blended Gasoline Analysis
- 2. Analyses of Naphtha, Motor Gasolines, Jet Fuels, Diesel Fuels and Higher Petroleum Fractions by Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC) and Liquid Chromatography (LC)
- 2.1 Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (gasolines, jet fuels and diesel fuels)
- 2.2 High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) for Higher Boiling Petroleum Fractions (Lube FeedslProducts, Vacuum Gas Oils)
- 2.3 High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) for Lower Boiling Petroleum Fractions (Jet Fuels, Diesels)
- 2.4 Characterization of High Boiling Petroleum Fractions by Thin Layer Chromatography with FlO Detection (TLC-FID)
- 3. References
- 7. Temperature-Programmed Retention Indices for GC and GC-MS of Hydrocarbon Fuels and Simulated Distillation GC of Heavy Oils
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Experimental
- 2.1 Reagents and Fuels
- 2.2 Retention Index
- 2.3 Chromatographic Separation of Distillate Fuels
- 2.4 Solvent Extraction of Petroleum Resids
- 2.5 High-temperature Simulated Distillation GC
- 2.6 Quantitative Calculations from SimDis GC Data
- 2.7 Hydroprocessing of Resids
- 3. Results and Discussion
- 3.1 GC and GC-MS of Distillate Fuels
- 3.1.1 Retention Index of Model Compounds
- 3.1.2 Temperature Dependence of Retention Index
- 3.1.3 Dependence of Retention Index on Polarity of GC Column
- 3.1.4 Characterization of JP-8 Jet Fuels Using RI
- 3.1.5 Potential Applications of Temperature-Programmed RI
- 3.2 SimDis GC and GC-MS of Middle Distillate Fuels
- 3.3 High-Temperature SimDis GC for Petroleum Resids
- 3.3.1 High-Temperature SimDis GC Method
- 3.3.2 HT-SimDis GC Analysis of Resids
- 3.3.3 Analysis of Upgraded Products
- 4. Conclusions
- 5. Acknowledgements
- 6. References
- 8. Mass Spectrometric Analyses for Elemental Sulfur and Sulfur Compounds in Petroleum Products and Crude Oils
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Analysis for Elemental Sulfur by Mass Spectrometry-Mass Spectrometry
- 3. Analysis of Thiophenic Compounds in Petroleum Streams by Mass Spectrometry-Mass Spectrometry
- 4. Monitoring Thioaromatics in Refinery Processes
- 5. Monitoring Reaction Products of Elemental Sulfur with Hydrocarbons
- 6. Summary
- 7. References
- 9. Biomarker Analysis in Petroleum Exploration
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Biological Markers in Oils
- 3. Biomarker Analysis by GC and GC-MS
- 4. GC-MS-MS Analysis of Steranes
- 5. Principal Component Analysis of GC-MS and GC-MS-MS Data
- 6. Future Prospectives
- 7. References
- 10. Applications of Light Hydrocarbon Molecular and Isotopic Compositions in Oil and Gas Exploration
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Methods of Analysis
- 2.1 Gas Chromatography of Light Hydrocarbons (C2-C9+)
- 2.2 C6-C7 Chromatographic Separations
- 2.3 Compound Specific Isotopic Analysis (CSIA)
- 3. Applications of Light Hydrocarbons to Petroleum Systems Analysis
- 3.1 Thermal Maturity
- 3.2 Oil-eondensate Correlations
- 3.3 Thermochemical Sulfate Reduction (TSR)
- 4. Future Directions
- 5. Acknowledgements
- 6. References
- 11. Coupling MassSpectrometry with Liquid Chromatography for Hydrocarbon Research
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Mass Spectrometry Review
- 3. LC-MS Interfaces
- 3.1 Moving Belt (MB) Interface
- 3.2 Thermospray (TSP)
- 3.3 Electrospray (ESP)
- 3.4 Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization (APCI)
- 4. Homologous Z-Series for Elemental Composition Determination
- 5. LC-MS for Petroleum Fractions
- 5.1 Saturates
- 5.2 Aromatics
- 5.3 Polars
- 5.4 Resids
- 6. Future Trends
- 7. References
- 12. Advanced Molecular Characterization by Mass Spectrometry: Applications for Petroleum and Petrochemicals
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Application Areas
- 3. Crude Assays
- 3.1 Unseparated Fractions
- 3.2 Whole Crude Oils
- 3.3 Saturated Hydrocarbon Fractions
- 3.4 Aromatic Hydrocarbon Fractions
- 3.5 Olefins
- 4. Corrosion
- 4.1 Sulfur Compound Types
- 4.2 Organic Acids
- 4.3 Nitrogen Compounds
- 5. Additives and Contaminants
- 6. Asphalts and Non-Boiling Fractions
- 7. Polymers and Residues
- 8. Conclusion and Future Challenges
- 9. References
- 13.
- Chromatographic Separation and Atmospheric Pressure IonizationlMass Spectrometric Analysis of Nitrogen, Sulfur and Oxygen Containing Compounds in Crude Oils
- 1. NSO Compounds in Crude Oil
- 2. General Separation Methods for Crude Oil and Related Products
- 2.1 Distillation
- 2.2 Adsorption Chromatography
- 2.3 High Performance Liquid Chromatography
- 2.4 Mass Spectrometry
- 3. Methods for NSO Compounds
- 3.1 Separation of Acids
- 3.2 Atmospheric Pressure IonizationlMass Spectrometry of Naphthenic Acids
- 3.3 Separation of Nitrogen and Oxygen Compounds
- 3.4 Atmospheric Pressure IonizationlMass Spectrometry of Nitrogen-containing Compounds
- 3.5 Separation of Organosulfur Compounds
- 3.6 Atmospheric Pressure IonizationlMass Spectrometry of Organosulfur Compounds
- 4. Acknowledgements
- 5. References
- 14. Characterization of Heavy Oils and Heavy Ends
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Heavy OilslHeavy Ends Separation and Characterization Schemes
- 2.1 Chemical Methods
- 2.1 Hyphenated Techniques
- 2.3 Selective/Specific Element Detection
- 2.4 Fraction Separation
- 2.5 Mathematical Algorithms
- 2.6 Other Characterization Schemes for HC, XHC and Heavy Ends
- 3. Illustrative Examples on the Characterization of HC. XHC and Heavy Ends
- 3.1 SARA Group-type Analysis
- 3.2 Studies on XHC and Isolated ABAN Fractions. One Application of Average Molecular Representations
- 3.3 Estimation of Crude Oil and Heavy Ends Quality Parameters Using Neural Network Algorithms
- 4. Conclusions
- 5. Acknowledgements
- 6. Glossary of Frequent Referred Terms
- 7. References
- 15. Advances in NMR Techniques for Hydrocarbon Characterization
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Discussion
- 2.1 Availability of Higher Magnetic Field Strengths Provides Increased Sensitivity and Resolution
- 2.2 Improvements in Sensitivity form Higher Magnetic Fields and New Probe Designs Facilitate Further Development of On-line Coupling with Separation Techniques
- 2.3"Chromatography in a NMR Tube": - Spectral Editing with Pulsed Field Gradient (PFG) Techniques Improves Analysis of Hydrocarbon Mixture.