Table of Contents: Blue skies, blue seas :

Blue skies, blue seas : air pollution, marine plastics, and coastal erosion in the Middle East and North Africa [E-Book] / von Martin Philipp Heger, Lukas Vashold, Anabella Palacios, Mala Alahmadi, Marjory-Anne Bromhead, and Marcelo Acerbi

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Personal Name(s):	Heger, Martin Philipp, author
	Vashold, Lukas, author / Palacios, Anabella, author / Alahmadi, Mala, author / Bromhead, Anabella-Anne, author / Acerbi, Marcelo, author
Edition:	1st edition
Imprint:	Grand Rapids : World Bank Publications, 2022
Physical Description:	1 online resource (405 pages)
Note:	englisch
ISBN:	9781464818127 9781464818134
Series Title:	MENA development report
Subject (LOC):	Coast changes. Ecology.

Front Cover
Contents
Acknowledgments
Executive Summary
Abbreviations
Chapter 1 Introduction
Overview
"Blue" Capital and Three Core Issues
Road Map to the Report
Notes
Chapter 2 Human Advancement and Sustainable Natural Capital Use in the Middle East and North Africa
Overview
Improvement in Incomes, Produced Capital, and Human Capital
Natural Capital Deteriorates as Environmental Degradation Accelerates
A Lag in Decoupling Growth from Air Pollution and GHGs
Switching to a Green Growth Path
Conclusion
Notes
References
Chapter 3 Blue Skies for Healthy and Prosperous Cities
Overview
How Polluted Are the Cities' Skies?
The Health and Economic Impacts of Dirty Skies
Policy Review: How to Get Clear Blue Skies
Notes
References
Chapter 4 Blue Seas: Freeing the Seas from Plastics
Overview
The State of Plastic Pollution in the Seas
The Environmental, Public Health, and Economic Impacts of Plastic-Polluted Seas
Policy Review: How to Get Clear, Blue, Plastic-Free Seas
Notes
References
Chapter 5 Blue Seas: Fighting Coastal Erosion
Overview
How Eroded Is the Coast?
The Economic Impacts of Eroded Coasts
Policy Review: How to Combat Coastal Erosion
Notes
References
Boxes
Box 2.1 Green Recovery Goals Guide COVID-19 Responses by Multilateral Organizations
Box 2.2 Job Creation from Green Growth Strategies
Box 2.3 Carbon Wealth in the Middle East and North Africa and Its Potential Pitfalls
Box 3.1 Different Sources and Health Effects of Different PM Diameters
Box 3.2 Air Quality Monitoring in Abu Dhabi and the United Arab Emirates
Box 3.3 Reforming Fuel Subsidies: Lessons from International Experience
Box 3.4 Slashing Fuel Subsidies during Periods of Low Global Oil Prices Reduces Public Discontent.
Box 3.5 Environmental Fiscal Reform: International Experiences
Box 3.6 Vehicle Technology and Related Regulations in the Middle East and North Africa
Box 3.7 Fuel Quality Standards in the Middle East and North Africa
Box 3.8 Public Transportation in Middle East and North Africa's Cities
Box 3.9 Place-Based Policies and Their Effects on Air Pollution
Box 3.10 Successful Pollution Abatement Projects in the Middle East and North Africa
Box 3.11 California's Emissions Trading System
Box 3.12 Saudi Arabia's Efforts to Increase Energy Efficiency
Box 3.13 Regional Examples of Investment in Renewable Energy Sources
Box 3.14 Reducing the "Black Cloud" Phenomenon in Greater Cairo
Box 3.15 Reusing Crop Residues as Fertilizer with the Happy Seeder
Box 3.16 Public Awareness Programs on Air Pollution in the Middle East and North Africa
Box 3.17 Green Space in Cairo, the Arab Republic of Egypt
Box 4.1 Marine-Plastic Pollution within the International Policy Agenda
Box 4.2 Identifying the Hot Spots of Marine-Plastic Debris along Morocco's Coasts
Box 4.3 Green Bond Financing for SWM Systems
Box 4.4 A Snapshot of the Petrochemical Industry in the Middle East and North Africa
Box 4.5 Eliminating SUPs in the United Arab Emirates
Box 4.6 Morocco: Implementing an Ecotax on Plastic Production
Box 4.7 Tunisia: The ECOLEF Program to Increase Recycling
Box 4.8 Emerging Alternatives to SUPs in the Middle East and North Africa
Box 4.9 The EU Plan to Reduce SUP
Box 4.10 Plastics Circularity and Market Potential: Examples from Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand
Box 4.11 Integration of Recyclers into Local Waste Management Systems: Examples from Latin America
Box 5.1 Tourism in the Middle East and North Africa and the Impact of COVID-19
Box 5.2 Sediment Budgets and Numerical Modeling in West Africa.
Box 5.3 Iraq's Al-Faw Grand Port: Computational Modeling to Eliminate Coastal Erosion
Box 5.4 Rosetta Promontory: Computational Modeling of Solutions to Fight Coastal Erosion
Box 5.5 Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Morocco
Box 5.6 Enhancing Climate Change Adaptation in the North Coast and Nile Delta Regions, the Arab Republic of Egypt
Box 5.7 India's ICZM Project: A Comprehensive Approach for Combating Coastal Erosion
Box 5.8 General Overview of Hard-Defense Options
Box 5.9 Effects of Different Defense Structures in Soliman Beach, Tunisia
Box 5.10 Building with Nature: Approaches for Beach Replenishment from the Netherlands
Figure
Figure ES.1 Urban Air Pollution, Marine-Plastic Pollution, and Net Coastal Erosion, by Region
Figure 2.1 Capital Accounting Framework
Figure 2.2 Gross National Income Per Capita, by Subregion, Middle East and North Africa, 1990-2018
Figure 2.3 Trends in Access and Use of Basic Sanitation and Drinking Water Services in the Middle East and North Africa, by Subregion, 2000-17
Figure 2.4 Trends in Rural Access to Electricity and Total Population's Internet Use in the Middle East and North Africa, by Subregion
Figure 2.5 Selected Human Capital Indicators in the Middle East and North Africa, by Subregion
Figure 2.6 Recent Trends in Selected Gas Emissions in the Middle East and North Africa, by Subregion
Figure 2.7 Volume of Plastic Debris Entering the Seas from the Middle East and North Africa, by Economy, 2010 and 2025
Figure 2.8 Average Annual Net Coastal Accretion and Erosion, Global Regions and Middle East and North Africa Subregions, 1984-2016
Figure 2.9 Natural Habitat Index Trends in the Middle East and North Africa, by Subregion.
Figure 2.10 Sustainability of Water Withdrawals, by Source, as a Share of Total Withdrawals in Middle East and North Africa Economies, 2010s
Figure 2.11 Mean Sea Level Rise of the Mediterranean Sea, 1993-2020
Figure 2.12 Trends in Growth of GNI Per Capita in Relation to CO2 Emissions Per Capita in Middle East and North Africa Subregions and Other Global Regions, 1990-2018
Figure 2.13 Growth of GNI Per Capita in Relation to CO2 Emissions Per Capita in Middle East and North Africa Economies, since 1990
Figure 2.14 Progress in Decoupling Growth of GNI Per Capita from NOX and SO2 Emissions Per Capita, by Global Region, since 1990
Figure 2.15 Extent of Decoupling Growth of GNI Per Capita from NOX and SO2 Emissions Per Capita, Middle East and North Africa Economies, since 1990
Figure 2.16 Comparison of Global Regions in Decoupling Growth of GNI Per Capita from Black Carbon Emissions Per Capita since 1990
Figure 2.17 Comparison of Global Regions in Decoupling Growth of GNI Per Capita from PM2.5 Exposure since 1990
Figure 3.1 Ambient Air Pollution in Urban Areas, by World Region, 2016
Figure 3.2 Ambient Air Pollution in Capital Cities of Selected Middle East and North Africa Countries, 2018
Figure 3.3 Ambient Air Pollution in Non-Capital Major Cities of Selected Middle East and North Africa Countries, 2018
Figure 3.4 Global Comparison of Ambient Air Pollution in Capital or Other Major Cities in Relation to Countries' Income Levels
Figure B3.1.1 Size Comparisons for PM10 and PM2.5 Particles
Figure 3.5 Share of Total Mortality Risk from Most Prevalent Causes in the Middle East and North Africa, 2019
Figure 3.6 Trends in Risk Exposure, by Cause, in the Middle East and North Africa, 1990-2019
Figure 3.7 AAP-Induced Causes of Death in the Middle East and North Africa, 2019.
Figure 3.8 Death Rates Attributable to AAP in the Middle East and North Africa, by Economy, 2019
Figure 3.9 Total AAP-Related Deaths in the Middle East and North Africa, by Subregion and Economy, 2019
Figure 3.10 Trends in Morbidity Due to AAP in the Middle East and North Africa, by Subregion, 1990-2019
Figure 3.12 Estimated Effect of Increased AAP Exposure during Pregnancy on Probability of Stunting or Wasting of Children Born 2002-14, Selected Middle East and North Africa Countries
Figure 3.13 Global Morbidity and Mortality Rates Related to Air Pollution, by Region, 2019
Figure 3.14 Decomposition of National Sources of PM2.5 Concentrations in the Middle East and North Africa, by Subregion, 2018
Figure 3.15 Decomposition of PM2.5 Sources in Greater Cairo, Summer and Fall 2010
Figure 3.16 Decomposition of Air Pollutant Sources, by Sector, in the EEA-33 Countries, 2017
Figure 3.17 Average Diesel and Gasoline Pump Prices Per Liter, by Global Region, 2016 and 2018
Figure 3.18 Average Diesel Pump Prices Per Liter in the Middle East and North Africa, by Economy, 2016 and 2018
Figure 3.19 Average Gasoline Pump Prices Per Liter in the Middle East and North Africa, by Economy, 2016 and 2018
Figure B3.7.1 Diesel Sulfur Limits in the Middle East and North Africa, by Economy, 2020
Figure 3.20 Shares of Total Population Living in Urban Areas and Country's Largest City, by Global Region, 2018
Figure 3.21 Share of All Motorized Trips Using Personal Cars, by Global Region
Figure B3.8.1 Trips by Public Transportation as a Share of Total Motorized Trips in Selected Cities Worldwide and in the Middle East and North Africa
Figure 3.22 Energy Use Per Unit of Output and Growth Rate, by World Region
Figure 3.23 Electric Power Transmission and Distribution Losses, by World Region, 2014.
Figure 3.24 Municipal Waste Burned Per Capita in the Middle East and North Africa, by Economy, 2010.