Detox Development : Repurposing Environmentally Harmful Subsidies [E-Book]

Detox Development : Repurposing Environmentally Harmful Subsidies [E-Book]

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Damania, Richard, author
Balseca, Esteban. / de Fontaubert, Charlotte. / Gill, Joshua. / Rentschler, Jun. / Russ, Jason. / Zaveri, Esha.
1st edition
Washington, D. C. : World Bank Publications, 2023
1 online resource (307 pages)
englisch
9781464819162
9781464819179



  • Front Cover
  • Contents
  • Acknowledgments
  • About the Authors
  • Main Messages
  • Executive Summary
  • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 1 Introduction: Global Natural Resource Subsidies
  • Overview
  • What are subsidies and why do they matter?
  • The magnitude of subsidies in natural resource sectors
  • The remainder of this report
  • Notes
  • References
  • Part I Air
  • Chapter 2 Toxic Air: Overview
  • Introduction
  • Poverty and exposure to air pollution
  • Fossil fuels and air pollution
  • Underpricing of polluting activities
  • A case for action
  • References
  • Chapter 3 Subsidizing Toxic Air: The Vast Underpricing of Fossil Fuels and Their Use
  • Introduction
  • Fossil fuels and air pollution
  • Explicit fossil fuel subsidies
  • The societal costs of air pollution
  • Fossil fuel subsidies: Best intentions but detrimental outcomes
  • Polluting fossil fuels and the role of price signals
  • Air pollution and price signals
  • Notes
  • References
  • Chapter 4 Virtually Inescapable: The Scale and Distribution of Toxic Air Pollution
  • Introduction
  • The global burden of air pollution
  • An unequal burden: New evidence on air pollution from the world's coal-fired power plants
  • Notes
  • References
  • Chapter 5 Pro-Poor and Pro-Health: The Benefits of Reforming Subsidies
  • The distributional implications of fossil fuel subsidy reform
  • Fossil fuel subsidy reforms save lives
  • References
  • Part II Land
  • Chapter 6 Size, Scope, and Composition of Agricultural Subsidies
  • Introduction
  • What is an agricultural subsidy?
  • Policy objectives of agricultural support
  • What is the magnitude of subsidies in the agriculture sector?
  • Notes
  • References
  • Chapter 7 Inefficient, Unequal, and Unwise: The Economic and Distributional Impacts of Agricultural
  • Introduction
  • Agricultural subsidies and productivity.
  • Agricultural subsidies and distributional goals
  • The way forward
  • Notes
  • References
  • Chapter 8 Reap What You Sow: The Water Footprint of Agricultural Subsidies
  • Introduction
  • Nitrogen legacies and the role of subsidies
  • The law of unintended consequences
  • The way forward
  • Cultivating solutions
  • Notes
  • References
  • Chapter 9 The Effects of Agricultural Subsidies on Forests and Their Spillovers
  • Introduction
  • Global deforestation is sensitive to changes in commodity prices
  • Assessing the effect of agricultural subsidies on deforestation
  • Agricultural subsidies and the emergence of infectious diseases: A focus on malaria
  • Notes
  • References
  • Part III Oceans
  • Chapter 10 The Economic, Social, and Environmental Effects of Harmful Fishery Subsidies
  • The state of the world's oceans
  • The dual challenges of open access and direct subsidies
  • The impact of subsidies in three critical fisheries
  • Implications and caveats
  • Notes
  • References
  • Part IV From evidence to action
  • Chapter 11 Reforming Harmful Subsidies in a Complex Political Economy
  • Introduction
  • Establishing the case for reform
  • Anticipating the political challenges to reform
  • Navigating political complexity: Six principles for effective reforms
  • Subsidy reforms for sustainable development
  • Note
  • References
  • Chapter 12 Bringing Together the Piece
  • Conclusions
  • Note
  • Reference
  • Boxes
  • Box 1.1 Formal definitions of implicit and explicit subsidies
  • Box 2.1 Air pollution: A toxic medley of many different pollutants from many different sources
  • Box 2.2 The unequal burden of air pollution on women, children, and ethnic minorities
  • Box 2.3 Indoor air pollution and the risks to human health
  • Box 2.4 Subsidy reforms and the need for complementary policies to tackle pollution.
  • Box 11.2 When compensation paves the way for reform: Murray-Darling Basin, Australia
  • Box 11.3 When winners feel like losers: Public perceptions can drive opposition to subsidy reform
  • Box 11.4 Lessons from India: The complexities of reforming agricultural subsidies and protectionism
  • Box 11.5 Credible compensation before subsidies are removed
  • Box 11.6 Lessons from Nigeria: National averages hide vulnerable population groups
  • Box 11.7 A fuel subsidy reform clears the air: Experience from Cairo, the Arab Republic of Egypt
  • Box 11.8 Fossil fuel subsidy reform in Mexico
  • Figures
  • Figure ES.1 Change in global agricultural productivity due to the use of nitrogen fertilizer, by quantile of use and region
  • Figure B2.3.1 The Energy Ladder: The dominant energy sources for cooking and heating, by level of income
  • Figure B2.4.1 Entry points for antipollution policies
  • Figure 3.1 Global energy sector subsidies, 2017
  • Figure 3.2 Global explicit fossil fuel subsidies, 2015-25 (projected)
  • Figure 3.3 Top 20 explicit fossil fuel subsidy programs, 2020
  • Figure 3.4 Global sources of implicit fossil fuel subsidies and share of GDP, 2015-25 (projected)
  • Figure 3.5 Top 20 providers of implicit fossil fuel subsidies, 2020
  • Figure 3.6 Global implicit fossil fuel subsidies, by type of fuel, 2015-25 (projected)
  • Figure 3.7 Best intentions and detrimental effects of fossil fuel subsidies
  • Figure 3.8 Fossil fuel subsidies and health expenditures as a share of GDP in select countries, 2019
  • Figure 3.9 Fossil fuel subsidies and education expenditures as a share of GDP in select countries, 2019
  • Figure B3.3.1 Price elasticities of gasoline demand
  • Figure 3.10 Average price elasticities of energy demand
  • Figure 4.1 Global population exposed to different levels of air pollution risk.
  • Box 3.1 Pollution sources other than fossil fuels that receive public support and subsidies
  • Box 3.2 Subsidies: Intended for the poor, but benefiting the rich
  • Box 3.3 Technical spotlight: A meta-analysis of price elasticities in low- and middle-income countries
  • Box 3.4 Technical spotlight: A global empirical analysis of the relationship between energy prices and air pollution
  • Box 4.1 Technical spotlight: New evidence on global air pollution exposure and poverty
  • Box 4.2 Nuances matter: Air pollution and poverty in Vietnam
  • Box 4.3 Technical spotlight: New evidence on air pollution from the world's coal-fired power plants
  • Box 4.4 Historic evidence of socioeconomic sorting in Britain and beyond
  • Box 5.1 Technical spotlight: Assessing the distributional and health benefits of fossil fuel subsidy reform for 35 countries using the World Bank's Carbon Pricing Assessment Tool
  • Box 5.2 No two subsidy schemes are the same: Subsidies in Algeria, China, Indonesia, and the Islamic Republic of Iran
  • Box 5.3 Fossil fuel subsidy reform contributes to reducing greenhouse gases
  • Box 5.4 Health benefits of climate change mitigation policies
  • Box 6.1 Landscape restoration projects in Ethiopia
  • Box 6.2 A simple profit-maximization model to illustrate the policy impacts of support mechanisms
  • Box 6.3 Domestic support in agriculture: The WTO "boxes"
  • Box 6.4 The nominal rate of protection and producer support estimate
  • Box 7.1 Agricultural subsidies and technology adoption
  • Box 7.2 Technical spotlight: Estimating the impact of agricultural subsidies on total factor productivity at the country level
  • Box 7.3 Technical spotlight: Meta-analysis of the effects of agricultural input subsidies on agricultural production and farmers' incomes
  • Box 7.4 Technical spotlight: Farm input subsidy reforms in Malawi and Nigeria.
  • Box 7.5 Technical spotlight: The Mi Riego highland irrigation program in Peru
  • Box 7.6 Technical spotlight: Estimating the distributional impact of output subsidies
  • Box 7.7 Technical spotlight: Estimating the distributional impact of input subsidies
  • Box 7.8 The varying effectiveness of inorganic fertilizer application on smallholder-managed fields
  • Box 7.9 Lessons from e-voucher programs in Guinea, Mali, and Niger
  • Box 8.1 A divided world: Fertilizer feast and famine
  • Box 8.2 NPK application: Skewed and distorted
  • Box 8.3 The nitrogen cascade beyond water
  • Box 8.4 Technical spotlight: Diminishing returns to fertilizer use
  • Box 8.5 Technical spotlight: Regional effects of fertilizer use
  • Box 8.6 Technical spotlight: Nitrogen fertilizer use and water pollution
  • Box 8.7 Technical spotlight: Drawing down the ocean underground
  • Box 8.8 The fallout of war
  • Box 9.1 Technical spotlight: The effects of agricultural commodity prices and producer supports on gloabl deforrestation
  • Box 9.2 Technical spotlight: Two country case studies on the impact of subsidies on deforestation, 2000-10
  • Box 9.3 Technical spotlight: Estimating the impact of deforestation on malaria transmission
  • Box 10.1 Managing the many stressors facing global fisheries
  • Box 10.2 The economics of fisheries
  • Box 10.3 Ecosystems of the Mauritanian EEZ, the East China Sea, and the northern South China Sea
  • Box 10.4 Technical spotlight: The Ecopath with Ecosim model
  • Box 10.5 Technical spotlight: Impact of subsidies and management regimes on biomass
  • Box 10.6 The importance of fishery ecology in determining the impact of harmful subsidies
  • Box 10.7 Technical spotlight: Subsidy removal and the recovery of fisheries under job optimization and ecological optimization
  • Box 11.1 The World Bank's Energy Subsidy Reform Facility.
  • Figure 4.2 Population exposed to air pollution, by region and as a share of total regional population.