This title appears in the Scientific Report :
2017
Techno-Economic Analysis of a Potential Energy Trading Link between Patagonia and Japan Based on CO2 free Hydrogen
Techno-Economic Analysis of a Potential Energy Trading Link between Patagonia and Japan Based on CO2 free Hydrogen
Techno-Economic Analysis of a Potential Energy Trading Link between Patagonia and Japan based on CO2 free HydrogenPhilipp-Matthias Heuser1*, D. Severin Ryberg1, Thomas Grube1, Martin Robinius1 andDetlef Stolten1,21Institute of Electrochemical Process Engineering (IEK-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich Gmb...
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Personal Name(s): | Heuser, Philipp (Corresponding author) |
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Ryberg, Severin David / Grube, Thomas / Robinius, Martin / Stolten, Detlef | |
Contributing Institute: |
Technoökonomische Systemanalyse; IEK-3 |
Imprint: |
2017
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Conference: | EHEC 2018, Malaga (Spain), 2018-03-14 - 2018-03-18 |
Document Type: |
Abstract |
Research Program: |
Electrolysis and Hydrogen |
Publikationsportal JuSER |
Techno-Economic Analysis of a Potential Energy Trading Link between Patagonia and Japan based on CO2 free HydrogenPhilipp-Matthias Heuser1*, D. Severin Ryberg1, Thomas Grube1, Martin Robinius1 andDetlef Stolten1,21Institute of Electrochemical Process Engineering (IEK-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., D-52428, Germany2Chair for Fuel Cells, RWTH Aachen Universtiy, c/o Institute of Electrochemical Process Engineering (IEK-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., D-52428, Germany(*) p.heuser@fz-juelich.deIntroductionIn the light of shrinking energy resources, climate change and growing electricity demand, hydrogen from renewable energy is a promising option for its energy storage capacity and transportability. With regard to the Fukushima Daiichi accident in 2011 and Japan’s goal to reduce CO2 emission by 26% until 2030 [1], the Japanese government strives for a emission free “hydrogen society” in which hydrogen will be the primary energy medium [2]. Due to lacking options providing domestic and economic hydrogen production from renewable energy sources, Japan is expected to be dependent on hydrogen imports [3]. According to Kamiya et al. [3] Japan’s demand for hydrogen is going to grow to 8.83 Mt/year by 2025. Patagonia, meanwhile, is characterized by high and constant wind speeds leading to average full load hours of 4,100 in the province of Chubut [4] to 5,200 in the province of Tierra del Fuego [5]. Therefore, an attractive opportunity exists in which Patagonian wind power generation acts as a hydrogen source for Japan’s energy economy. Several scenarios with regard to this option have already been discussed in the past [3, 5-7], however, challenges still have to be surmounted. Fasihi et al. [5] describe the application of power-to-liquid for an energy supply chain to Japan which induces relatively high energy losses. Then again Watanabe et al. [7] doubt the economic viability of a hydrogen supply chain from Patagonia to Japan. Within the scope of this study, the underlying idea of a hydrogen supply chain is taken up and revisited by means of a spatially highly resolved wind energy potential analysis and a detailed investigation of the supply chain elements between Patagonia and Japan.MethodologyIn order to determine the wind energy potential of Patagonia, region-specific constraints for the placement of wind turbines are required. By means of topographical databases, the eligible land area for wind turbines within Patagonia’s five provinces Neuquén, Río Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego can be determined. These databases contain detailed information about physical features such as water bodies and rivers, protected areas and habitats, terrain elevation and slope, as well as settlement areas and infrastructure. Via a land eligibility model, the area of each province is mapped to a matrix of 300 m x 300 m squares where each location is allocated a value 0 or 1 according to eligibility derived by predefined thresholds and buffer zones from features found in the various topographical databases. Within the eligible lands, a wind turbine placement model then determines possible locations of turbines considering a minimum distance between turbines. Historic wind speed data from NASA’s Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) [8] and the DTU Global Wind Atlas [9] is used to calculate the full-load hours for every feasible wind turbine location in a representative wind year. Enercon’s E-101 E2 (3.5 MW) turbine [10] is chosen as a result of its applicability in strong wind areas such as that found in Patagonia. Using a standard power-curve-based simulation approach the full-load hours (FLH) for every located turbine and the related electricity production costs are derived. By imposing a minimum permissible FLH on this distribution the number of considered locations along with the related electricity generation costs is reduced.The developed supply chain is shown in Figure 1. Hydrogen is produced via decentralized PEM (Proton Exchange Membrane) electrolysis with an assumed efficiency of η=0.7. Converting the total wind-generated electricity requires the corresponding capacity of electrolysis to be installed. Following conversion, hydrogen is compressed to 100 bar and transported via pipeline from the provinces Neuquén and Río Negro and from Tierra del Fuego via Santa Cruz to the province of Chubut. Several tributary pipelines carry the hydrogen to the main pipelines running from north to south. Hydrogen is liquefied at the harbor of Comodoro Rivadavia and partly stored in LH2 tanks. The storage tanks are required to synchronize the fluctuating hydrogen generation from the wind power and the discontinuous shipment from the harbor. At this time there are no ocean-going LH2 carriers of industrial scale, so the LH2 carrier concept of Kawasaki Heavy Industries [3] is employed wherein one hydrogen carrier features a capacity of 160,000 m³ (11,360 t) of liquid hydrogen. According to [3] the carrier design is similar to LNG carriers and is in accordance with the international regulations on ships carrying liquefied gas. It is mentioned that the boil-off loss amount is limited to 0.2 % per day and could be used as part of the fuel for the propulsion of the tanker, however in this study a diesel engine is assumed for the carrier. The LH2 carriers land at the harbor of Yokohama and provide the liquid hydrogen to the domestic distribution system which is not further considered in this study.ResultsApproximately 196,000 km² (~25%) of the total land area of 786,000 km² in Patagonia is eligible for the usage of 564,261 wind turbines. If the minimum number of FLH per turbine is set to 4,500 approx. 33,000 turbines with an overall capacity of approx. 115 GW remain in this region (compare Figure 2, left). Taking into consideration the related average number of FLH of 4,750 and an electrolysis efficiency of 0.7, this leads to a potential production of about 11.5 Mt/year of hydrogen. So the wind power potential of Patagonia would be sufficient for the assumed Japanese hydrogen demand of 8.83 Mt/year. With regard to the development of levelized cost of hydrogen across the supply chain, the biggest shares are contributed by the electricity, the electrolysis, and the ship transport (Figure 2, right). On the assumption of a weighted average cost of capital of 8 %, the total hydrogen pretax cost amount to approx. 4.40 €/kg at a liquid state at the harbor of Yokohama. Based on the lower heating value (LHV) this is adequate to 13.2 €-ct/kWh.References[1] Tsukimori, O. Japan sets 26 percent cut in greenhouse gas emissions as target. 2015 [cited 2017/08/21]; Available from: http://www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-carbon-idUSKCN0PR0A220150717.[2] Behling, N., M.C. Williams, and S. Managi, Fuel cells and the hydrogen revolution: Analysis of a strategic plan in Japan. Economic Analysis and Policy. 48 (2015) 204-221.[3] Kamiya, S., M. Nishimura, and E. Harada, Study on Introduction of CO2 Free Energy to Japan with Liquid Hydrogen. Physics Procedia. 67 (2015) 11-19.[4] Raballo, S., et al., Clean Hydrogen Production in Patagonia Argentina, in 18th World Hydrogen Energy Conference 2010 - WHEC 2010 Proceedings, Parallel Sessions Book: 3, Hydrogen Production Technologies - Part 2, D. Stolten and T. Grube, (Ed.). Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH: Jülich 2010, pp 11-16.[5] Fasihi, M., D. Bogdanov, and C. Breyer, Techno-Economic Assessment of Power-to-Liquids (PtL) Fuels Production and Global Trading Based on Hybrid PV-Wind Power Plants. Energy Procedia. 99 (2016) 243-268.[6] Ishimoto, Y., et al., Study of Demand for CO2-Free Hydrogen in Japan and the World. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of The Japan Institute of Energy. 22 (2013) 296-297.[7] Watanabe, T., et al. Cost Estimation of Transported Hydrogen, Produced by Overseas Wind Power Generations. in 18th World Hydrogen Energy Conference WHEC 2010. Essen 2010 Forschungszentrum Jülich, Zentralbibliothek.[8] Gelaro, R., et al., The Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2). Journal of Climate. 30 (2017) (14) 5419-5454.[9] Badger, J. and H. Ejsing Jørgensen. A high resolution global wind atlas - improving estimation of world wind resources. in Energy Systems and Technologies for the Coming Century. Danmarks Tekniske Universitet, Risø Nationallaboratoriet for Bæredygtig Energi (Roskilde, Denmark) 2011 Forskningscenter Risoe.[10] ENERCON GmbH. ENERCON Produktübersicht. 2015 [cited 2017/08/21]; Available from: http://www.enercon.de/fileadmin/Redakteur/Medien-Portal/broschueren/pdf/ENERCON_Produkt_de_6_2015.pdf. |