Superconductor Materials Science: Metallurgy, Fabrication, and Applications [E-Book] / edited by Simon Foner, Brian B. Schwartz.
This book encompasses the science, measurement, fabrica tion, and use of superconducting materials in large scale and small scale technologies. The present book is in some sense a continuation and completion of a series of two earlier books based on NA TO Advanced Study Institutes held over the las...
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Full text |
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Personal Name(s): | Foner, Simon, editor |
Schwartz, Brian B., editor | |
Imprint: |
Boston, MA :
Springer,
1981
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Physical Description: |
XXIX, 969 p. 277 illus. online resource. |
Note: |
englisch |
ISBN: |
9781475700374 |
DOI: |
10.1007/978-1-4757-0037-4 |
Series Title: |
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NATO Advanced Study Institutes Series, Series B. Physics ;
68 |
Subject (LOC): |
- 1 Overview of Superconducting Materials Development
- I. Introduction
- II. Superconducting Materials of the First Kind
- A. Discovery
- B. Magnetic Properties
- C. Flux Penetration
- D. Nature of the Superconducting Transition
- 1. Bulk phase transition
- 2. Thin film phase transition
- E. The Two Fluid Model
- F. The Microscopic Theory
- III. Superconducting Alloys and Compounds, Early Work
- A. Introduction
- B. Critical Temperature Behavior
- C. Magnetic Field Behavior
- IV. Raising Tc With New Materials
- A. Introduction
- B. Transition Metal Alloys
- C. Carbides and Nitrides
- D. A15 Compounds
- 1. Progress in raising Tc
- 2. Present Tc situation
- 3. Factors depressing Tc
- 4. Other features of A15 behavior
- V. Superconductors of the Second Kind
- A. Introduction
- B. Another Kind of Superconductor
- C. Type II Materials
- VI. Unusual Materials and Future Possibilities
- A. Introduction
- B. Intercalation Compounds
- C. Organic Superconductors
- D. Low Carrier Density Superconductors
- E. Magnetic Superconductors
- F. Future Possibilities
- 2 Practical Superconducting Materials
- I. Introduction
- A. Practical Applications of Superconducting Materials
- B. Superconducting Materials in Common Use
- C. Problems in the Utilization of Superconducting Materials
- II. Stability: the General Problem
- A. Degradation and Training
- B. The Disturbance Spectrum
- C. Mechanical Sources of Disturbance
- D. Distributed Disturbances
- E. Point Disturbances
- F. Composite Conductors
- III. Flux Jumping
- A. General
- B. Screening Currents and the Critical State Model
- C. Adiabatic Theory of Flux Jumping
- D. Filamentary Composites
- E. Dynamic Stability
- F. Dynamic Stability with Finite Superconductor Thickness
- IV. C0ryogenic Stabilization
- A. Size Effects
- B. Principles of Cryogenic Stabilization
- C. Boiling Heat Transfer
- D. Resistivity of the Normal Metal
- E. Heat Conduction Effects
- F. Effect of Finite Superconductor Size
- G. Forced Flow Cooling
- H. Superfluid Helium
- I. Cryogenic Stabilization in Practice
- V. AC Losses
- A. The Fundamental Loss Mechanism
- B. Hysteresis Loss
- C. Hysteresis Loss with Transport Current
- D. Filamentary Composites
- E. Self-Field Losses in Filamentary Composites
- F. Longitudinal Field Effects
- G. Combined Losses
- VI. Quenching and Protection
- A. The General Problem
- B. Temperature Rise
- C. Voltage
- D. Self-Protecting Magnets
- E. Other Protection Techniques
- VII. Measurement Techniques
- A. General
- B. Measurement of Critical Transport Current
- C. Measurement of Magnetization
- D. Measurement at Different Temperatures
- 3 Niobium-Titanium Superconducting Materials
- I. Introduction
- II. Metallurgical and Structural Properties
- A. Phases of the Niobium-Titanium System
- B. Cold-Worked Microstructures
- C. Elastic and Plastic Mechanical Behavior
- D. Metallurgical Properties of Related Systems
- III. Physical Properties
- IV. Superconducting Properties
- A. Basic Properties
- 1. Transition temperature and upper critical field
- 2. Paramagnetic limitation and spin-orbit scattering
- 3. Nb-Ti base ternary and quaternary systems
- B. The Superconducting Critical Current Density
- 1. Measurement techniques
- 2. Critical current densities
- V. Industrial and Fabrication Considerations
- VI. Future Developments and New Directions
- A. Conventional Composites
- B. Unconventional Developments
- 4 Metallurgy of Continuous Filamentary A15 Superconductors
- I. Introduction
- II. History of the “Bronze Process”
- A. Early History
- B. Evolution of the Process
- 1. The Ta diffusion barrier
- 2. The external diffusion process
- 3. The internal tin diffusion process
- 4. Bronze in Nb tubing
- 5. WRAP process
- 6. Other modifications
- III. Metallurgical Principles
- A. Thermodynamic Considerations
- B. Kinetics
- 1. Growth mechanisms
- 2. Experimental results
- IV. Influence of Metallurgical factors on Superconducting Properties
- A. Strains in Composite Superconductors and Their Influence on the Superconducting Properties
- B. Critical Temperatures
- 1. Effects of heat treatments
- 2. Effects of additives
- C. Critical-Current Densities and Magnetic Fields
- 1. Flux pinning (the scaling law)
- 2. Temperature dependence
- 3. Grain size dependence
- 4. Effects of heat treatments and alloying
- 5. What is required for high Jc?
- V. Future Directions
- 5 Fabrication Technology of Superconducting Material
- I. Introduction
- II. Technology OF Solid Solution Superconductors
- A. Basic Properties of NbTi Alloys
- B. The influence of thermal treatment in the region of 873 K
- C. Mechanical Properties of NbTi Alloys
- D. Stress-Strain Behavior at Elevated Temperatures
- E. Raw Materials and Melting of NbTi
- F. Melting NbTi Alloys
- G. Sources of Inhomogeneities and Imperfections in the Molten Ingots
- H. Conductors and Fabrication Parameters
- I. Extrusion Technology
- 1. Extrusion billets and sealing techniques for single and multiextrusion
- 2. Extrusion presses and extrusion parameters
- 3. Extrusion temperature and preheating
- 4. Extrusion ram speed
- 5. Conductors containing mixed substrate
- J. Drawing Machinery, Twisting and Current Optimization
- K. Current Density Optimization and Properties of Monolithic Filamentary Conductors
- L. The Anisotropy of Rectangularly~Shaped Conductors
- M. Occurrence of the Ti Cu-Phase
- III. A15 Solid Solution Conductors
- A. Basic Properties of Nb3Sn and V Ga
- B. Principles of Solid State Diffusion
- C. Fabrication of the Conductors and Technology of High Sn-Content Bronzes
- D. Conductor Optimization with Respect to Layer Growth, Recrystalization, Kirkendall Effect,Filament Diameter and Filament Distribution
- E. Influence of Mechanical Strain on Electrical Properties
- F. Remarks About the Measurement of Critical Current Density of Technical Conductors
- G. Stabilization and Examples of Technical Conductors
- IV. Conductor Assembly By Braiding, Cabling, Mechanical Strengthening and Adding Stabilizers
- A. Technical Production of Flattened Cables and Braids
- B. Hollow Conductors and Fabrication Principles
- C. Fabrication of High Current, High Strength Hollow Conductors
- 1. Strands
- 2. Cr-Ni core with Kapton insulation
- 3. Cabling and Soldering
- 4. Strip for the conduit
- 5. Conductor completion
- V. Future Directions
- A. Solid Solution Superconductors
- B. A15 Superconductors
- 6 Alternative Fabrication Technologies for A15 Multifilamentary Superconductors
- I. Introduction
- II. Conventional Process Mechanical Assembly
- A. Historical Note
- B. Nb3Sn Technology
- C. Status
- D. Need for Alternate Technologies
- III. IN SITU Solidification
- A. Introduction
- B. The Natural Dispersion of the Superconductor
- 1. Phase diagram, solidification process
- 2. Melting and casting techniques
- C. Transformation into a Filamentary Superconductor
- 1. Mechanical deformation
- 2. Tin addition
- 3. Diffusion and reaction heat-treatment
- D. Superconducting Properties
- 1. Overall Jc of Cu-Nb
- 2. Overall Jc of Cu-Sn wires
- 3. Overall Jc of Cu-Nb-Sn versus Nb concentration
- 4. Overall Jc of Cu-V-Ga
- E. Mechanical Properties
- 1. Mechanical properties of Cu-Nb-Sn
- 2. Pre-stress model
- 3. Mechanical properties of Cu-V-Ga
- F. Experimental Observations on Connectivity
- 1. Random distribution
- 2. Filament geometry
- 3. Acid test
- 4. Unified perculation-proximity
- G. Research in Progress
- H. Scale-up Technologies
- IV. Powder Metallurgy
- A. Introduction
- B. Cold Process
- 1. Experimental technique
- 2. Materials selection
- 3. Results
- 4. Potential
- 5. Research in progress
- C. Hot Process
- 1. Experimental technique
- 2. Results
- 3. Potential
- D. Infiltration Process
- 1. Experimental technique
- 2. Results
- 3. Features
- 4.
- Scale-up technology
- V. Other Processes
- A. Metastable Solid Solution (Stoichiometric)
- B. Controlled Precipitation
- C. Mechanical Alloying
- D. Modified Jelly Roll
- E. Energy Research Foundation (ECN) Process
- VI. Concluding Commentaries Future Developments
- 7 Mechanical Properties and StrainEffects in Superconductors
- I. Introduction
- A. Sources of Mechanical Loads in Magnets
- 1. During fabrication
- 2. Differential thermal contraction
- 3. The Lorentz force
- B. Mechanical Properties of Superconductors
- II. Stress-Strain Characteristics
- A. Micromechanical Model
- B. Stress-Strain Characteristics for Practical Conductors
- III. Effect of Uniaxial Strain on JC, Hc2, and Tc
- A. Mechanical-Electrical Interaction
- B. Jc-? Characteristics for Practical Superconductors
- 1. Multifilamentary NbTi
- 2. Multifilamentary Nb3Sn
- 3. Multifilamentary V3Ga
- 4. CVD Nb3Ge tape
- C. Strain Scaling Law — Prediction of JC (B,?)
- 1. Scaling of pinning force curves
- 2. Strain scaling law
- 3. Application to practical multifilamenttary Nb3Sn conductors
- D. General Scaling Law — Prediction of J (T, B, ?)
- E. Uniaxial-Strain Criterion for Magnet Design
- IV. Bending Strain
- A. Effect of Bending on Jc
- B. Prediction of Bending-Strain Degradation from Uniaxial-Strain Measurements
- 1. Long twist pitch
- 2. Short twist pitch
- 3. Application
- C. Bending Strain Limits for Magnet Design
- D. Methods for Minimizing Bending Degradation
- 1. Cabling
- 2. Wind-and-react magnet fabrication
- V. Fatigue
- A. Matrix Degradation
- 1. NbT
- 2. Nb3 Sn
- B. Micromechanical Model
- VI.Training
- A. Stress-Relief Model
- B. Materials
- C. Techniques for Minimizing Training
- 1. Crack arrestors
- 2. Bond breakage and friction
- 3. Programmed winding tension
- 4. Magnet shakedown without quenching
- VII. Summary and Future Research Needs
- A. Summary of Material Strain Limits for Magnet Design
- B. Future Research Areas
- 8 Phase Diag.