CFD Modelling for Wastewater Treatment Processes [E-Book]
Saved in:
Full text |
|
Personal Name(s): | Laurent, Julien, author |
Samstag, Randal / Nopens, Ingmar / Wicks, Jim | |
Imprint: |
London :
IWA Publishing,
2022
|
Physical Description: |
1 online resource (266 pages) |
Note: |
englisch |
ISBN: |
9781780409030 9781780409023 |
Series Title: |
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Scientific and Technical Report Series ;
28 |
- Cover
- Contents
- About the Chapter Authors
- JULIEN LAURENT
- INGMAR NOPENS
- RANDAL SAMSTAG
- JIM WICKS
- DAMIEN BATSTONE
- CHRISTOPHER DEGROOT
- DAVID FERNANDES DEL POZO
- ALONSO G. GRIBORIO
- RAINIER HREIZ
- ANNA M. KARPINSKA PORTELA
- OLIVIER POTIER
- USMAN REHMAN
- STEPHEN SAUNDERS
- TEWODROS MELESS TESHOME
- MARIA ELENA VALLE-MEDINA
- ED WICKLEIN
- MIN YANG
- REVIEWERS
- JAVIER CLIMENT
- NELSON MARQUES
- Preface
- Foreword
- Acknowledgements
- Chapter 1: Why CFD?
- 1.1 INTRODUCTION
- 1.2 IMPROVING HYDRAULIC DESIGN
- 1.3 OPTIMIZING TANK GEOMETRY
- 1.4 IMPROVING MODEL PREDICTIONS
- 1.5 USE FOR CALIBRATION OF SIMPLER MODELS
- 1.6 OPTIMIZE PROCESS CONTROL
- 1.7 CONCLUSIONS
- REFERENCES
- Chapter 2: Fundamentals
- 2.1 INTRODUCTION
- 2.2 GOVERNING EQUATIONS
- 2.2.1 The transport equation
- 2.2.2 The Navier-Stokes equations
- 2.2.3 Turbulence
- 2.2.3.1 Prandtl's mixing length hypothesis
- 2.2.3.2 k-epsilon
- 2.2.3.3 Other approaches to turbulence modelling
- 2.2.4 Scalar transport
- 2.2.4.1 Solids transport
- 2.2.4.2 Heat (temperature) transport
- 2.2.4.3 Reactive CFD
- 2.2.4.4 Density couple
- equation of state
- 2.2.5 Multiphase models
- 2.2.5.1 Lagrangian approach
- 2.2.5.2 Euler-Euler approach
- 2.2.5.3 Drift flux
- 2.2.5.4 Volume-of-fluid (VOF) approach
- 2.2.5.5 Rheology models
- 2.3 NUMERICAL METHODS FOR CFD
- 2.3.1 Discretization
- 2.3.1.1 Finite difference
- 2.3.1.2 Finite element
- 2.3.1.3 Finite volume
- 2.3.1.4 Grid-less methods
- 2.3.2 Solution approaches for pressure
- 2.3.2.1 Vorticity/stream function
- 2.3.2.2 SIMPLE - semi implicit pressure linked equations
- 2.3.3 Other topics
- 2.4 GOOD MODELLING PRACTICE
- 2.4.1 Approach and key assumptions
- 2.4.2 CFD model development
- 2.4.2.1 Geometry
- 2.4.2.2 Meshing
- 2.4.2.3 Solver setup.
- 2.4.2.4 Multiphase models
- 2.4.2.5 Turbulence models
- 2.4.2.6 Boundary conditions
- 2.4.2.7 Steady vs dynamic
- 2.4.3 Convergence
- 2.4.4 Calibration and validation
- REFERENCES
- Chapter 3: Hydraulic analysis and headworks
- 3.1 INTRODUCTION
- 3.2 HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS
- 3.2.1 Flow distribution
- 3.2.2 Flow splitting analysis
- 3.2.2.1 Closed conduit
- 3.2.2.2 Open channel
- 3.2.2.2.1 Fixed water surface (rigid lid)
- 3.2.2.2.2 Free surface
- 3.2.3 Hydraulic profile
- 3.2.4 Pump intakes
- 3.2.5 Outfalls
- 3.3 HEADWORKS
- 3.3.1 Screening
- 3.3.2 Grit removal
- 3.3.2.1 Case study
- 3.4 RESEARCH NEEDS
- REFERENCES
- Chapter 4: Suspended growth tanks
- 4.1 INTRODUCTION
- 4.2 LITERATURE REVIEW
- 4.2.1 Gas/liquid transfer
- 4.2.2 The importance of solids
- 4.2.3 Including biokinetics
- 4.2.4 Hybrid systems and rheology
- 4.3 CASE STUDIES
- 4.3.1 CFD modelling of a bioreactor at Eindhoven WRRF
- 4.3.1.1 Computational fluid dynamics modelling
- 4.3.1.1.1 Geometry development
- 4.3.1.1.2 Meshing
- 4.3.1.1.3 Boundary conditions
- 4.3.1.1.4 Selection of suitable models
- 4.3.1.1.5 Multiphase modelling
- 4.3.1.1.6 Turbulence modelling
- 4.3.1.1.7 Additional model considerations and convergence
- 4.3.1.2 Biokinetic modelling
- 4.3.1.3 Simulation setup
- 4.3.1.4 Validation of the velocity field
- 4.3.1.5 Results and discussion
- 4.3.1.5.1 Comparison between measurements and CFD simulations
- 4.3.1.5.2 Base case results
- 4.3.1.5.3 CFD-ASM1 results
- 4.3.2 CFD modelling of the bioreactor at La Bisbal d'Empordà WWTP
- 4.3.2.1 Configuration of the La Bisbal WWTP
- 4.3.2.2 Measurements
- 4.3.2.3 Simulation scenarios
- 4.3.2.4 Computational fluid dynamic modelling
- 4.3.2.4.1 Geometry development
- 4.3.2.4.2 Meshing
- 4.3.2.4.3 Boundary conditions
- 4.3.2.4.4 Flow and other considerations.
- 4.3.2.4.5 Biokinetic modelling
- 4.3.2.5 Results and discussion
- 4.3.2.5.1 Comparison between the velocity measurements and the CFD model
- 4.3.2.5.2 Hydrodynamic results
- 4.3.2.5.3 CFD-biokinetic modelling results
- 4.4 RESEARCH NEEDS
- REFERENCES
- Chapter 5: High-rate algal ponds
- 5.1 INTRODUCTION
- 5.2 PROCESS DESCRIPTION
- 5.2.1 Photobioreactors
- 5.2.2 High-rate algal pond (HRAP) system
- 5.2.2.1 Geometry
- 5.2.2.2 Water level
- 5.2.2.3 Mixing
- 5.3 CFD CONCEPTS RELEVANT TO HRAP MODELLING
- 5.3.1 Momentum source
- 5.3.2 Specific boundary condition: Inlet Velocity approach
- 5.3.3 Single reference frame (SRF)
- 5.3.4 Multiple reference frame (MRF)
- 5.3.5 Moving mesh
- 5.3.6 Experimental validation
- 5.4 CASE STUDY: MODELLING A PILOT-SCALE HRAP
- 5.4.1 Geometric design of HRAP
- 5.4.2 Meshing the geometry
- 5.4.3 Solver settings and numerical simulation
- 5.4.4 Virtual tracer experiment
- 5.4.5 Results: geometrical design modifications
- 5.4.5.1 Pressure and energy consumption
- 5.4.5.2 Velocity field
- 5.4.5.3 Virtual tracer tests
- 5.4.5.4 Conclusions
- 5.5 RESEARCH NEEDS
- REFERENCES
- Chapter 6: Sedimentation
- 6.1 INTRODUCTION
- 6.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
- 6.3 SLUDGE BULK FLUID MODELING OF CLARIFIERS
- 6.3.1 Primary settling
- 6.3.2 Secondary settling
- 6.4 PROCESS DESCRIPTION AND FEATURES TO BE INCLUDED IN CFD MODEL
- 6.4.1 Solids settleability
- 6.4.2 Flocculation
- 6.4.3 Fluid properties: density and rheology
- 6.4.3.1 Density
- 6.4.3.2 Sludge rheology
- 6.4.4 Hydraulic regime
- 6.4.5 Significance of biological activity
- 6.5 CFD MODELING APPROACH
- 6.5.1 Modeling simplifications
- 6.5.2 Shape and geometry
- 6.5.2.1 Inlet, outlet configurations and baffling
- 6.5.2.2 Sludge and scum withdrawal systems
- 6.5.3 Mesh and boundary conditions
- 6.5.4 Turbulence modeling.
- 6.5.5 Calibration and validation of CFD results
- 6.6 CASE STUDY
- 6.7 FUTURE RESEARCH NEEDS
- REFERENCES
- Chapter 7: Disinfection
- 7.1 INTRODUCTION
- 7.2 PROCESS BACKGROUND: DISINFECTION KINETICS
- 7.3 LITERATURE REVIEW
- 7.3.1 Chemical disinfection
- 7.3.2 Ultraviolet disinfection
- 7.3.3 Hydraulic efficiency
- 7.4 CFD APPROACH
- 7.4.1 Hydraulic efficiency
- 7.5 CASE STUDIES
- 7.5.1 UV case study
- 7.5.2 Contact tank case study
- 7.6 RESEARCH NEEDS
- REFERENCES
- Chapter 8: Anaerobic digestion
- 8.1 INTRODUCTION
- 8.2 LITERATURE REVIEW
- 8.2.1 Single phase
- 8.2.2 Eulerian multiphase models
- 8.2.3 Lagrangian-based CFD modelling
- 8.2.4 Bioreactive modelling
- 8.2.5 Conclusions: literature review
- 8.3 PROCESS DESCRIPTION
- 8.3.1 Mixed digester design
- 8.3.1.1 Mixing designs
- 8.3.1.2 Mechanical mixing
- 8.3.1.3 Gas mixing
- 8.3.1.4 Gas and liquid collection systems
- 8.3.2 Plug-flow digesters
- 8.4 CFD CONCEPTS RELEVANT TO AD MODELLING
- 8.4.1 Shear rate
- 8.4.2 Non-Newtonian rheology
- 8.5 CFD APPROACH
- 8.5.1 Modelling simplifications
- 8.5.2 Eulerian multiphase approach
- 8.5.3 Geometry and mesh
- 8.5.4 Fluid properties
- 8.5.4.1 Bulk density
- 8.5.4.2 Rheological model selection
- 8.5.4.3 Numerical considerations when implementing a rheological model in CFD
- 8.5.5 Turbulence modelling
- 8.5.6 Monitoring key variables and convergence
- 8.5.7 Validation of CFD results
- 8.6 RESEARCH NEEDS
- REFERENCES
- Chapter 9: Validation
- 9.1 INTRODUCTION
- 9.2 LEVEL CLASSIFICATION OF VALIDATION FOR CFD MODELS
- 9.3 MODEL VALIDATION TECHNIQUES
- 9.3.1 Velocity measurements
- 9.3.2 Video imaging
- 9.3.3 Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scan
- 9.3.4 Electrodiffusion method (EDM)
- 9.3.5 Residence time distribution (tracer study).
- 9.4 CASE STUDIES HIGHLIGHTING THE DIFFERENT LEVELS OF VALIDATION FOR CFD MODELS
- 9.4.1 Case of a full-scale carrousel ditch
- 9.4.2 Case of a commercial ZeeWeed 500D MBR module
- 9.5 DISCUSSION
- 9.6 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- REFERENCES
- Chapter 10: How other simulation methods and digital/experimental tracer experiments can be useful for CFD with reactions
- 10.1 INTRODUCTION
- 10.2 SYSTEMIC MODELLING
- 10.2.1 Ideal reactor models
- 10.2.1.1 Continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR)
- 10.2.1.2 Plug-flow reactor (PFR)
- 10.2.2 Non-ideal reactor models
- 10.2.2.1 Definition of the dispersion coefficient
- 10.2.2.2 Plug-flow reactor with axial dispersion
- 10.2.2.3 Tanks-in-series
- 10.2.3 Comparison of reactors
- 10.2.4 Example of more complex systemic models
- 10.3 CFD WITH REACTIONS
- 10.3.1 Protocol
- 10.3.2 Scalar transport and reactions
- 10.4 COMPARTMENTAL MODELLING
- 10.4.1 General description
- 10.4.2 Definition
- 10.4.3 Examples
- 10.5 FUNDAMENTALS OF TRACING EXPERIMENTS AND RTD
- 10.5.1 Tracing and RTD methods
- 10.5.2 Tracing experiments
- 10.5.3 Choice of the tracer compound
- 10.5.4 Conducting the tracing experiment
- 10.5.5 Determination of the residence time distribution (RTD)
- 10.6 RESIDENCE TIME DISTRIBUTION OF CLASSIC SYSTEMIC MODELS
- 10.6.1 Ideal reactors
- 10.6.1.1 CSTR
- 10.6.1.2 Plug-flow reactor
- 10.6.2 Non-ideal reactors: taking into account dispersion
- 10.6.2.1 Plug-flow reactor with axial dispersion
- 10.6.2.2 Tank-in-series
- 10.7 TRACING EXPERIMENTS AND VIRTUAL TRACER TESTS FOR CALIBRATION OF CFD SIMULATION
- 10.7.1 Turbulent Schmidt number: pitfalls and recommendations
- 10.7.2 Virtual tracer tests in CFD
- 10.7.2.1 Scalar transport
- 10.7.2.2 Lagrangian approach
- 10.7.2.3 Choice between the two methods
- 10.7.3 Example of dispersion modelling.
- 10.7.4 Comparison of experimental and simulated RTD.