Table of Contents: “...1 Introduction -- 2 Source processes in the high-latitude ionosphere -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Ionospheric Context -- 2.3 Collisional Bulk Heating -- 2.4 Transverse Ion Energization -- 2.5 Parallel Acceleration of Ions and Electrons -- 2.6 Summary...”

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Table of Contents: “...Sources of Ion Outflow in the High Latitude Ionosphere -- Theories and Observations of Ion Energization and Outflow in the High Latitude Magnetosphere -- Four Contemporary Issues Concerning Ionospheric Plasma Flow to the Magnetosphere -- High-Latitude...”

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